The Racial Types of Eastern Europe [Bertil Lundmann, 1977]
From Bertil Lundman's book "The races and peoples of Europe"(1977), translated in english from fikas.no
"East of the Adriatic Sea lies Yugoslavia. This region is predominantly Dinarid in race. The maximum is attained in the southern part of Yugoslavia, in Herzegovina and still more in Montenegro. Other racial types are found in the poor interior Alpine mountain regions. Toward Austria the frequency of Nordid types increases. In the northeastern part of Yugoslavia East-Baltid and also East-Alpine strains are found. Albania is somewhat less Dinarid than Yugoslavia. Nordid, East-Alpine, and other strains are also present in Albania.
In Greece the Dinarids predominate only in the western part. Toward the northeast more East-Mediterraneans are found. On the Aegean islands we often encounter a rather primitive, dark, long- and low-skulled strain, probably of the Berid race. Likewise there are in Greece blond individuals, both of the Nordid and also the East Baltid race.
Bulgaria and southeastern Macedonia appear to be predominantly East-Mediterranean in race, with still unexplained Pre-Pontic, East-Baltid, and Nordid strains. Only in the western part of Bulgaria are there some Dinarids. The strikingly beautiful classical people of Old Rumania are similar in anthropological structure, although somewhat more Dinarid. The Rumanians of Transylvania show numerous Dinarid, and also East-Baltid as well as Nordid types.
Hungary is probably the most strongly racially-mixed land in Europe. However, it is predominantly East-Baltid-Carpathid in race with Dinarid strains in the western part of the country. In parts of the Pussta region in Hungary, we find rather strong Mongolid strains.
The most striking dark-haired Czechs are East-Baltid, East-Alpine and Carpathid in race, with Nordid and other strains. With regard to blood groups the Czechs and the Slovaks are not particularly similar to one another. We find a higher frequency of blood type gene p in the west among the Czechs and of blood type gene r in the east among the Slovaks.
Southwestern Poland shows similar relations. However, the East-Alpine race is predominant in this area. In eastern Galicia the Carpathids predominate, with more Dinarids in the high mountain regions.
In comparison, northern Poland, Lithuania, and the bordering parts of
White Russia are somewhat blonder, although also very mixed racially. These lands are thus more East-Baltid-Nordid in race. The boundary between the more blond and the more brunet is apparently rather sharply defined. This boundary follows here in an interesting way approximately the plant-geographical boundary between the marsh-forest in the north and the more open loess lands in the south.
In southwestern Russia the predominantly East-Mediterranean region is continued from the Moldau across to the Black Sea port of Odessa. In this area we find a surprisingly low frequency of blood type gene q. Around the Don river there is a region with a similar anthropological structure.
Perhaps these are vestiges of the descendants of the Irano-Scythian tribes who inhabited southern Russia in ancient times.
In comparison, the population of the Ukraine proper is tall and round-headed. Likewise, there are as many blonds as brunets. The Ukraine is strongly East-Baltid-Nordid in race, but perhaps very Dinarid as well. The population of central Great Russia is much shorter in stature with coarser and rounder faces. This area is East-Baltid and East-Alpine in race, with Nordid and other strains.
Mongolid strains are only weakly present almost everywhere in European Russia. They are strongest among the Karaite Jews in the Crimea.
Toward the Volga river in eastern European Russia, the Volgid racial strains increase in proportion. In some Volga-Finnish regions the Volgids probably predominate. Here where formerly, and partly still today, countless Tatars lived, we find the beginning of a stronger Mongolid admixture.
Among the Turkic Bashkirs east of the Volga river, the Mongolid component is dominant. However, it is not as strong as it is among the Khirgiz, who live further toward Central Asia. In comparison, the more highly civilized Tatars in southeastern Russia, from the Crimea up to Kazan, are strongly mixed with remnants of the peoples of the Caucasus.
Northeastern Russia is predominantly East-Baltid and Volgid in race. It also has some Nordid and Mongolid strains. Occasionally some Lapp-like types are found in this region. On the White Sea and around Old Novgorod the Nordid strains increase.
In the former Baltic lands, the Estonians are very blond. They have ash-blond-hair and light blue-grey eyes, are mostly tall, and medium to moderately round-headed. For the most part, the Estonians are East-Baltid and Nordid in race, the former more in the east and the latter more in the west of the country. There are some weak, and certainly very ancient, Mongolid traits. These comprise the slanted and flat position of the eyes, coarse hair form, thick and dense skin, a higher frequency of blood type gene q (on the average about 18%) than all surrounding regions, and a surprisingly low frequency of blood type gene p.
The Latvians resemble the Estonians in anthropological structure. However, they are somewhat more round-headed and also somewhat darker in pigmentation. The Latvians show some Dinarid and more East-Mediterranean strains. The latter are concentrated in a remarkable manner in western Courland. Very light, clear-blue eyes, rarely the East-Baltic gray-white-blue eyes, are characteristic of surprisingly many Livland Latvians, but less so of the Courland Latvians.
In Finland around the turn of the century, the coastal population was in many regions linguistically still purely Swedish. In comparison, the interior was, as always, purely Finnish in language. Racially, the two nationalities were, as so often, somewhat less distinct. Furthermore, the different East-Baltid subraces are prominent among the Finns. These are the Tavastids in the west and the Savolaxids in the east of Finland. The border between these two subraces was up until recently rather sharply defined."
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