These researchers look at the whole nose of Neanderthals, heidelbergensis and moderns for differences and seek to explain them. They find an autapomorphic character (a single characteristic used to identify a species) the medial projection of Neanderthals, they find differences in shape in the piriform aperture between some moderns and archaics, and they identify size differences in the sinus cavities between them and explain this in terms of nitric oxide production and differing adaptations to some of the same environmental conditions depending on species. The discussion on nitric oxide alone is fascinating and very important for anyone who exercises.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhan...1002/ar.23040/
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